Tun kusan shekaru 700 kafin Sweden ta fitar da takardun kudi na farko na Turai a shekarar 1661, China ta fara nazarin yadda za ta rage wa mutane nauyi da ke dauke da kudin jan karfe. Waɗannan tsabar kuɗin suna wahalar da rayuwa: yana da nauyi kuma yana sanya haɗari cikin haɗari. Daga baya, 'yan kasuwa sun yanke shawarar sanya waɗannan tsabar tsabar a tsakanin juna kuma suna ba da takaddun takarda bisa ƙimar tsabar kuɗin.
Ba da tallafi na zaman kansa ya haifar da hauhawa cikin hauhawar farashi da rage darajar kuɗi: gwamnati ta bi sahun ta kuma fitar da takardun ta na kuɗi waɗanda ke da goyan bayan gwal, suna mai da ita ta zama farkon tayin doka a duniya.
A cikin centuriesan karnonin da suka gabata, kasashe sun fara amfani da "ma'aunin zinare", ta yin amfani da kayayyaki kamar su zinariya da azurfa don tsabar kuɗin Mint na wani nauyi. Kuma yana wakiltar wani ƙimar har sai an lalata kuɗin, wanda ke haifar da haɓakar kuɗin wakilai.
Bankuna suna bayar da “lambobin zinare”, wato, takardun kudi masu darajar kudin Amurka $ 50 ana iya musayar su dalar Amurka 50 a zinare.
A cikin 1944, tsarin Bretton Woods ya yanke shawarar cewa ƙasashe 44 da ke halartar taron za su ci gaba da haɗa kuɗinsu zuwa dalar Amurka saboda ana tallafawa dala ta Amurka da ajiyar zinariya. Wannan a zahiri yana nufin cewa ana iya canza dalar Amurka zuwa zinare a kowane lokaci.
Wannan a zahiri yana nufin cewa ana iya canza dalar Amurka zuwa zinare a kowane lokaci.
Tasirin yana da kyau, amma tsawon lokacin ba mai tsawo bane. Debtara bashin jama'a, hauhawar farashin kuɗi, da ƙarancin ci gaba a daidaiton biyan kuɗi na nuna cewa dalar Amurka tana cikin matsi mafi girma. Dangane da hakan, har wasu kasashen Turai sun fice daga tsarin sun yi canjin dalar Amurka da zinare. A wancan lokacin, ajiyar su ta ƙunshi dalar da ta fi zinariya yawa.
A cikin 1971, tsohon Shugaban Amurka Richard Nixon ya rufe tagar zinariya ya canza wannan yanayin. Gwamnatocin kasashen waje suna da daloli da yawa, kuma Amurka na fuskantar matsalar karancin zinare. Tare da sauran masu ba da shawara 15, sun sanar da wani sabon shirin tattalin arziki don kauce wa hauhawar farashi, rage rashin aikin yi, da sauya dalar Amurka zuwa tsarin doka, wanda galibi ya dogara da yardar masu amfani da kudin maimakon kayayyaki da ka'idoji.
Saboda haka, fata shine ko duk ɓangarorin zasu karɓi kuɗin ku, wanda gaba ɗaya ya dogara ne da imani.
Hakanan gaskiya ne ga Bitcoin, wannan ƙirar cryptocurrency ta taɓa zama mafi rikodin $ 19,783.06. Menene ya ba darajar Bitcoin? Da'awar cewa an samu ta hanyar wadata da buƙata ba ze rufe duk yanayin ba. Ba shi da tushe kuma ba wanda ke sarrafa shi.
Aƙalla, zaku iya dogaro da hukumar gudanar da shari'a don kiyaye ƙimar kuɗin waje.
Bitcoin yana da halaye na kuɗin doka. Koyaya, daga hangen nesa na shugabanci, babu wanda "ya mallaki" Bitcoin. Da alama yana aiki kamar yadda tsabar kuɗi yake, amma tsarin yanayin ƙasa daban-daban ya sa masana tattalin arziki da masana harkar kuɗi suyi tunani: wa ke saita farashi?

Abin da kuka gani shine 5 na miliyoyin layuka na lambar a cikin Bitcoin. Bitcoin asali 'yan dubunnan layukan ne kawai, wanda Satoshi Nakamoto ya kirkira a shekarar 2008 kuma aka sake shi a farkon shekarar 2009. A cikin shahararriyar takardar nan mai suna "Bitcoin: Tsarin Tsaran Kudi na Kayan Lantarki na Abokan Hulɗa" (bitcoin: Abokin-Aboki Tsarin Kudi na Lantarki), an inganta manufar Bitcoin.
Tunaninsa na asali shine ƙirƙirar nau'in kuɗi wanda baya buƙatar wucewa ta cibiyoyin kuɗi saboda an ɓoye shi.
Babbar bidi'a ita ce aikace-aikacen fasahar toshewa. Kowane toshe yana wakiltar ma'amala a cikin hanyar sadarwar Bitcoin-mafi yawan tubalan, tsawon lokacin ma'amalar zata ƙare. Saboda haka, ta ƙirƙiri “sarka”, don haka sunan ta.
Don samar da toshe, masu hakar ma'adinai suna buƙatar amfani da asalin ikon sarrafa kwamfuta da adadi mai yawa na lantarki don tabbatar da kasancewar darajar X da ma'amala tsakanin lokacin Y tsakanin A da B. Lokacin da aka tabbatar, toshe ya bayyana kuma ma'amala ta wuce . Masu hakar gwal sun karɓi Bitcoin a matsayin lada.
Koyaya, wannan kuɗin dijital bashi da ƙimar mahimmanci-ba za'a iya amfani dashi azaman kayan masarufi ba. Mutanen da suke da shakku game da Bitcoin galibi suna cewa don Bitcoin ya rayu, dole ne a fara karɓa da amfani da shi don sauran kayayyaki. Sannu a hankali, bayan lokaci, zai zama kuɗi. Misali, saboda ana amfani da zinare a cikin kayan adon da kayan lantarki, mutane sukanyi zinare don kiyaye kimarta.
A cikin wani aiki mai nisa da masanin tattalin arzikin Austriya Carl Menger, ya fara bayyana kudin a matsayin “gaskiyar cewa wasu kayayyaki sun zama karɓaɓɓiyar hanyar musaya.” Dangane da Menger, Ludwig von Mises, shi ma masanin tattalin arziki ne, ya rarraba kuɗin kayayyaki a matsayin kuɗin da “shi ma na kasuwanci ne.” Tallafin doka shine kudin da aka ƙunshi “abubuwa tare da cancantar doka ta musamman”.
"Ominal Nomin na waje da na waje, gami da abubuwan da ke da ƙwarewar doka ta musamman…" -Ludwig von Mises Ka'idar Kudi da Kudi
Tunanin ƙimar mahimmanci ya kasance yana da zurfin zurfafawa a cikin mutane, har ma Aristotle ya taɓa yin rubutu game da dalilin da ya sa kuɗi ke buƙatar ƙimar mahimmanci. A zahiri, ko wanne irin kuɗi yake, ƙimar sa dole ne ta fito daga fa'idarsa. Kamar yadda tarihi ya tabbatar da cewa babu wani abu da yake buƙatar ƙimar kayayyaki don zama kuɗi, hujojin Aristotle ba zai yiwu ba.
A wasu sassa na Afirka da Arewacin Amurka, ana amfani da gilashin gilashi azaman kuɗi, kodayake sun tabbatar da cewa ba su da wani amfani kaɗan. Mutanen Yap a cikin Pacific suna amfani da farar ƙasa a matsayin kuɗin waje.
Mutanen da suke da shakku game da Bitcoin galibi suna amfani da hujjojin ƙimanta na asali don la'antar da ingancin Bitcoin. Abin baƙin cikin shine, Bitcoin wanzuwar dijital ce kawai, don haka ta sami yanci daga kangin duniyar gaske. Baya buƙatar ƙimar mahimmanci kamar gwal, kuma baya buƙatar wasu su ba shi haƙƙoƙi na musamman don sanya shi doka. Kodayake wannan na iya zama kamar bayani-Bitcoin sabon abu ne wanda ba ya ƙarƙashin dokokinmu na ɗan adam - amma har yanzu ba shi da cikakkiyar ma'ana.
Ka yi tunani game da wannan ta hanyar: Bitcoin da kuɗin kuɗi sune tsarin tsarin tattalin arziki daban-daban.
Kudin Fiat na duniyar zahiri ne, wanda ke kawo wasu ƙuntatawa na waje. Belongsarfi na waɗanda ke kula da kuɗin, kuma babban banki koyaushe yana iya buga ƙarin kuɗi don haɓaka hauhawar farashin kayayyaki da yawo. Koyaya, babu wanda zai iya gaya muku takamaiman dala da ke taɓo a duniya.
Samun zinariya yana da iyaka, amma hauhawar farashi zai shafe shi. Idan wani ya sami adadi mai yawa na zinariya a wajen wadatarwar yanzu, ana iya narkar da mallakar gaba daya. Kirkirar kirkire-kirkire a cikin kimiyyar kayan masarufi na iya rage bukatar amfani da zinare a kayayyakin lantarki da kayayyakin masarufi.
Yanayin dijital na Bitcoin yana buƙatar sabon tushen ka'idoji. Masana tattalin arziki sun daɗe da sanin iyakokin ma'adanai masu daraja da kuɗin kuɗi. Sabili da haka, gabatarwar Bitcoin ta haifar da sabon tsarin dokoki, wanda mutane da yawa ke kira "tsarin haɓakar yanayin ƙasa".
Matsalar ita ce, kamar yadda masu haɓaka Bitcoin suka faɗa muku, kuɗaɗen doka da tsarin halittu na cryptocurrency ba za su iya zama tare da gaske ba. Tunda babu ƙimar mahimmanci a matsayin kayan aikin kuɗi, samfurin saka jari ko amintattu, babbar caca ita ce sanya Bitcoin ta zama kuɗin duniya.
A yau, wadatar kudin duniya (M1) dala tiriliyan 7.6 ce. Idan ka kara kudin ajiya, lambobin gajeren lokaci, ajiyar lokaci da sauran kayan kudi, zai kai tiriliyan $ 90 tiriliyan. Don zama kuɗin duniya, Bitcoin yana buƙatar aƙalla ƙimar kuɗin kuɗin duniya-amma wannan ba haka bane, saboda ƙimar kasuwar Bitcoin dala biliyan 130 ce kawai a lokacin rubutawa.
Koyaya, bashin da ke ƙasa da ƙasa da bashin ƙasashen waje na iya sa masu saka hannun jari su fara neman kayan aikin shinge wanda yake da sauƙin samu kuma mafi sauyawa fiye da zinariya. Wannan na iya inganta kimar Bitcoin saboda yana da darajar aikin shagon. Don yaƙi da hauhawar farashi, mutane da yawa sun gamsu da riƙe dala, euro ko yen a cikin ma'aikatunsu - 'Yan Argentina da Venezuela suna yin wannan, suna riƙe da dala kwatankwacin da.
Wannan na iya kawo amfani mai amfani a gare shi: Ana iya amfani da Bitcoin azaman kantin sayar da ƙima.
Muna ganin ta a matsayin kadara. Idan haka ne, to Bitcoin shine ainihin kudin hana hauhawar farashi. Don haɓaka haɓakar hanyar sadarwa, duk lokacin da aka ƙirƙiri sabon toshi a cikin toshe, za a samar da sabbin bitcoins 50. Bayan kowane murabba'i 210,000, ladan zai rage rabi (yanzu ana bashi 12.5 a kowane murabba'i, kuma za'a rage zuwa 6.25 a ranar 14 ga Mayu, 2020). Haɗe tare da ƙarancin ƙarancin da kuma samar da adadin Bitcoins miliyan 21, ba abin mamaki ba ne cewa mutane da cibiyoyin kuɗi na iya ɗaukar Bitcoin a matsayin kuɗi mai wuya (wanda kuma aka sani da kuɗin aminci).
Wannan yana nufin cewa tsarin kuɗin cikin gida yana motsa ikon siyan Bitcoin - amma menene ke ƙayyade farashin sa?
Idan kuka kalli tsohuwar makarantar tattalin arziki, zaku ga cewa farashin Bitcoin yana ƙaddara ne ta hanyar ƙirar sa. Wannan yana nufin kayan aiki da lantarki. Yayin da Bitcoin ke ci gaba da wahala daga ɓarna, yawan masu hakar zai ragu sannu a hankali saboda tsadar ma'adanai. Koyaya, har yanzu akwai wasu masu hakar gwal da ke shirye su sayar da bitcoin a asara, wanda na iya nuna cewa wani yana shinge tashin bitcoin a nan gaba: farashin bai dogara gabaɗaya da farashin samarwa ba, kodayake yana da mahimmanci.
Makarantar tattalin arziki neoclassical ta fadada akan wannan ka'idar kuma ta kara wani mahimmin dalili: wadata da bukata. Tunda an rufe kayan bitcoin, adadin bitcoins da aka haƙa shima zai ragu a kan lokaci, don haka buƙatar ƙarin bitcoins na iya tashi. Demandarin buƙata daidai farashin mafi girma.
Dogaro da dalilai na haƙiƙa ba ze iya ɗaukar hoton duka. Idan farashin samarwa shine babban dalili, to ƙimar Bitcoin ya kamata kusa da wadataccen kuɗin Amurka (M3).
Duk da wannan, masu hakar gwal har yanzu suna cikin asara, duk da tsadar da ake samu wajen hakar Bitcoin.
Idan daidaituwar buƙata da samarwa yana da mahimmanci, to yakamata Bitcoin ya bayyana, rufin wadata mai wadata ya ƙayyade daidaitaccen buƙata. Koyaya, Bitcoin har yanzu yana iya fuskantar matsanancin canjin yanayi kuma yana iya faɗuwa da tashin hankali a rana ɗaya.
Shiga makarantar Austrian na tattalin arziki, masu goyon bayan Bitcoin suna son wannan makarantar sosai. Masana tattalin arzikin Austriya sun yi amannar cewa farashin kowane abu yana ƙayyade shi ta abubuwan da ke tattare da shi, har ma da ƙimar samarwa. Abubuwan buƙata da buƙata suna ƙaddara ta abubuwan fifiko na mutum. Sabili da haka, zai iya bayyana ƙimar Bitcoin-tsinkayen da aka fahimta da kuma abubuwan da ke tattare da batun na iya zama mafi mahimman abubuwan haɗin.
Ana iya ganin cewa babu cikakken bayani game da dalilin da yasa cryptocurrency (ko ma waje) yake da daraja. A wannan yanayin, farashin Bitcoin yana da alama ta hanyar tsarin tattalin arziki na yau da kullun, ra'ayin kasuwa da kuma manufofin kuɗi na ciki.
Koyaya, komai irin ra'ayin mutane game da tattalin arziki, cryptocurrency har yanzu yana haifar da juyin juya halin kudi. Idan za ta iya canzawa zuwa wani nau'in kudin duniya, to za a jujjuya tsarin tattalin arzikin duniya (yana da kyau ko mara kyau, ba mu sani ba).
Daga qarshe, Bitcoin shine kushin farawa don gwajin kudi. Daga 2016 zuwa 2017, fasahar toshewa ta haifar da wadatar cryptocurrency da kawo sabuwar duniya game da ƙirƙirar toshewar. A yau, za mu yi amfani da ma'anar matattarar kadara da bankunan ajiya don nazarin tsayayyen cryptocurrencies wanda zai iya kiyaye farashin dala ɗaya.
Maimakon ɗaukar Bitcoin a matsayin kuɗi, ya fi kyau a bi da shi azaman tsarin biyan kuɗi.
Saboda haka, ainihin ƙimar Bitcoin ya ta'allaka ne da hanyar sadarwar sa. Arin mutane da yawa, mafi kyau. Mahimmanci, wannan yana nufin cewa ƙimar Bitcoin ya dogara da wanda ya mallake ta. A zamanin yau, tare da shaharar Bitcoin (ba don amfanin yau da kullun ba, amma don saka hannun jari da ciniki), mutane da yawa masu son sanin suna fara ba da hankali ga wannan sabuwar fasahar. Wannan yana nufin ƙarin rarrabawa.
Koyaya, don Bitcoin ya yi aiki da gaske kamar yadda ake tsammani, yana buƙatar kawar da masu hakar ma'adinai da wuraren haƙa ma'adinai ta hanyar sauyawa zuwa tsarin tabbatar da gungumen azaba (PoS). Tsarin tabbatar da aiki na Bitcoin yana sanya ma'amaloli tsada-masu hakar ma'adinai suna kashe miliyoyin daloli don tabbatar da ma'amalar Bitcoin akan hanyar sadarwa tare da wutar lantarki da ƙarfin sarrafa sarrafa kwamfuta. Tare da tsarin PoS, Bitcoin zai sami daraja saboda hanyar sadarwar sa. Yawancin masu ruwa da tsaki zasu ba da wani ɓangare na abin da suka mallaka don ba da damar hanyar sadarwa ta haɓaka, don haka haɓaka haɓakar su daidai gwargwado.
Yana da sauƙi, amma yawancin bitcoins a yau ana haƙa su ne da masu hakar Sinanci. Idan za ta iya maye gurbin (misali) wadataccen kuɗin Amurka, to me yasa gwamnatin Amurka ke karɓar kuɗin duniya wanda masu hakar ma'adinai masu hamayya ke sarrafawa?
Idan manyan kasashe basu yarda ba, me yasa kananan majalisu ke bi? Manufar kuɗin duniya na iya zama kamar mafarki ne na bututu, amma a ƙarshe, ko Bitcoin na iya aiki zai dogara da wanda kuka ji shi, kamar inda yake samun ƙimarsa.